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NOTE: The Crypto Law Survey has moved.

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Version 27.0, February 2013
� Bert-Jaap Koops
All rights reserved. Please credit if quoting.

Next update February 2014.

Address list for crypto export licenses
Mailing list announcing updates
Maps summarizing the import, export, and domestic crypto controls around the world. Test your geographic knowledge! Also see Simon Hunt's Google map of International Crypto and Encryption Law.
For background information, see my Ph.D. thesis, The Crypto Controversy. A Key Conflict in the Information Society (Kluwer Law International, 1999). How can and should governments address the law-enforcement problems of cryptography?

FAQ | What's new | Sources | Table of Contents

东北网2021年06月02日新闻汇总:中国网络文学发展迅猛写手年收入高达数百万 2021-06-02 10:50 [742][东北网读书] 剑桥大学出版社全球总裁：给西方看纯中国 2021-06-02 10:50 [743][东北网读书] “宇粉”共享《大宇神秘惊奇》的作者签名 2021-06-02 10:50 [744][东北网国内]

This survey gives an overview of the current state of affairs, with entries per country on import/export controls, domestic laws, developments to restrict cryptography, and developments favoring crypto use. For more background on the crypto policy dilemma, see my Ph.D. thesis The Crypto Controversy. A Key Conflict in the Information Society (Kluwer Law International, 1999).

Cryptography used for digital signatures is not covered by this survey. For regulation of digital signatures, see Digital Signatures and Law.

See also (but largely outdated): Stewart Baker & Paul Hurst, sub免费网络加速器from August 1998 and the extensive survey by EPIC and GILC, Cryptography and Liberty 2000 (earlier version: 1998). And see generally on export controls Simo-Pekka Parviainen's 旋风sub加速器 (particularly on the EU).

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This survey of cryptography laws is based on several reports, information from the Internet and personal communications. I have not consulted all original texts of relevant regulations; in many cases, I have relied on the sources listed. These findings, therefore, do not pretend to be exhaustive or legally reliable.

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I thank all who have provided me with information for this survey. Please send comments, corrections, updates, and additional information to E.J.Koops@uvt.nl to help me keep this survey updated. If you have questions, feel free to ask, but please check the FAQ first.

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(* indicates that the item has been updated since July 2010)

Quick index
International - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - P - R - S - T - U - V

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sub免费网络加速器电脑版下载 of import, export, and domestic controls
Wassenaar Arrangement / COCOM
Council of Europe
European Union
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Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Australia (*)
Austria
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium (*)
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burma
Cambodia
Canada (*)
Chile
People's Republic of China (*)
- Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Colombia
Costa Rica
Czech republic
Denmark
Egypt
Estonia
Finland
France (*)
Germany
Ghana
Great Britain, see United Kingdom
Greece
Hong Kong, see at People's Republic of China
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland (*)
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
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Lithuania
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Malaysia
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova (*)
Morocco
Myanmar, see Burma
The Netherlands
- Import/ export controls
- Domestic laws and regulations
  - 给Apple公司写文案是种什么体验？:2021-9-20 · 再过不到半年，iPhone 7 就要在库克身后的大屏幕上露脸了。每年这时候，当其他人在兴奋地讨论值不值得为 Apple 新产品卖掉一个肾的时候，我脑海里浮现的总是一些你伔不曾经历过的画面。
  - Decryption command (telecom providers)
  - Decryption command and powers (security services)
- Developments to restrict cryptography
  - 1994 pre-draft law
  - Extension of decryption command (law enforcement) (*)
  - Trusted Third Party policy
New Zealand
North Korea
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Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
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Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
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Syria
Thailand
Tonga
Trinidad & Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
- Import/ export controls
- Domestic laws and regulations
  - Regulations of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
  - case-law (*)
  - Electronic Communications Act 2000
    - 1999 Electronic Communications Bill
    - 2000 Regulations of Investigatory Powers Bill
- Developments to restrict cryptography
  - DTI 1996 paper on regulatory intent
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  - Labour policy
  - 无线通信技术各领风骚智能家居统一标准没有必要 ...:2021-12-14 · 无线通讯协议是智能家居领域的关键技术，是连接设备、实现信息传输的通道，是实现智能产品之间互联互通互控与协同的“桥梁”。不过，目前智能家居市场标准未定，多种无线协议并存，主要的通讯协议有WiFi、Zigbee、蓝牙、Z-wave、Thread ...
  - 1998 Policy announcement
  - 1999 DTI consultation document
United States of America
- Import/ Export controls
  - Export Administration Regulations
    - 1997 Draft Encryption Items Rule
    - BXA seeking comments
    - July and December 1998 relaxations
    - January 2000 relaxation
    - October 2000 relaxation
    - June 2002 relaxation
    - December 2004 relaxation
    - January 2011 relaxation (*)
    - Personal use exemption
    - Export Administration Act
  - Export case law
  - Export Council Subcommittee on Encryption
  - Former International Traffic in Arms Regulations
  - 1995 statement on export with key escrow
  - Initiatives to revise export controls
    - Karn, Bernstein, and Junger cases
    - Congress bills
      - 1996-1998 ECPA, SAFE, and Pro-CODE Acts
      - 1997-1998 Secure Public Networks Act
      - 1997-1998 Computer Security Enhancement Act
      - 1998 E-PRIVACY Act
      - 1999 SAFE and PROTECT Acts
      - 1999 EAA bill and National Interests Act
    - California resolution
    - Department of Commerce study
    - National Research Council study
- Laws restricting cryptography
  - Digital Millennium Copyright Act
  - Case law (*)
- Developments to restrict cryptography
  - Escrowed Encryption Standard (Clipper I/ II)
  - Key Management Infrastructure
  - Broad Encryption Policy
  - Crypto Ambassador
  - Reporting on criminal crypto use
  - 东北网2021年06月02日新闻汇总:中国网络文学发展迅猛写手年收入高达数百万 2021-06-02 10:50 [742][东北网读书] 剑桥大学出版社全球总裁：给西方看纯中国 2021-06-02 10:50 [743][东北网读书] “宇粉”共享《大宇神秘惊奇》的作者签名 2021-06-02 10:50 [744][东北网国内]
  - 1997 Draft Key Recovery Legislation
  - 1999 Draft Cyberspace Electronic Security Act
  - Advanced Encryption Standard
  - 2003 Draft Domestic Security Enhancement Act (Patriot II)
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    - 1997-1998 Secure Public Networks Act
    - 1996-1998 ECPA and SAFE Acts
    - 1998 E-PRIVACY Act
    - 1999 SAFE and PROTECT Acts
    - 1999 Tax Relief and National Interests Acts
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam

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